Oral Health Problems: Insights and Solutions

Oral Health Issues: A Global Perspective

Oral diseases, despite being largely preventable, impose a substantial health burden on numerous countries and affect individuals throughout their lives. It's estimated that almost 3.5 billion people worldwide are affected by oral diseases. Untreated dental caries in permanent teeth is the most prevalent health condition. Moreover, prevention and treatment for oral health conditions often come with a hefty price tag and are frequently excluded from national universal health coverage benefit packages. In most low- and middle-income countries, the availability of services for preventing and treating oral health conditions is insufficient.

The Causes of Oral Health Problems

Oral diseases are triggered by a variety of modifiable risk factors that are common to many noncommunicable diseases. These include excessive sugar consumption, tobacco use, alcohol intake, poor hygiene, and underlying social and commercial determinants. For instance, the high consumption of sugar is not only linked to diabetes and obesity but also to dental caries. Poor oral hygiene can lead to conditions like gum disease, which, if left untreated, can cause bone loss and tooth shifting.

Common Oral Health Problems and Their Implications

Oral cancer is a significant concern, with a global incidence estimated at 377,713 new cases and 177,757 deaths in 2020. It is more common in men and older individuals and varies by socio-economic circumstances. Cleft lip and palate are also common oral problems, often caused by genetic predisposition and exacerbated by poor maternal nutrition, tobacco consumption, alcohol, and obesity during pregnancy. Noma, another oral disease, is often associated with low-income settings and has a high mortality rate in the neonatal period.

Preventive Measures and WHO's Initiatives

The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken steps to address oral health problems. The Resolution on oral health at the Seventy-fourth World Health Assembly recommends a shift from the traditional curative approach to a preventive one. This includes promoting oral health within families, schools, and workplaces and providing comprehensive and inclusive care within the primary health-care system. The Secretariat developed the Global strategy on oral health in response to this resolution.

Oral Health and Systemic Health Connections

Poor oral health can have far-reaching effects on overall body health. It is directly linked to various systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, high-risk pregnancy, obstructive sleep apnea, respiratory issues, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bone loss, kidney disease, prostate/erectile dysfunction, periodontal disease, obesity, and even COVID-19 complications. For example, periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems as bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and cause artery inflammation. Similarly, poor oral health can contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease by allowing bacteria to travel to the brain and kill brain cells.

Preventing Diseases Caused by Poor Dental Hygiene

Ongoing research emphasizes the importance of prioritizing oral health to prevent systemic diseases. Oral testing can identify risk factors and inflammatory markers for developing periodontal disease. Maintaining proper cleaning habits and scheduling regular dental checkups are crucial for reducing the risk. Seeking an oral-systemic dentist or collaborating with one can significantly aid in managing and preventing periodontal disease.